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- *Swedish C20 Y3 A39 B39 A37 B38 Y4 A37 B37
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- #A
- "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAAAAAAAEEEEEIIIIOOOOOUUUUU"
- "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzÄÅâäàåáéêëèÉïîìíôöòÖóüûùÜú"
- "BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZbcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz"
- "AEIOUaeiouÄÅâäàåáéêëèÉïîìíôöòÖóüûùÜú"
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- ░ Swedish Language Module ░░░░░░░░░░░
- ░ Copryright (C) 1996 by Erik Zidowecki ░░░░W░░░░░░
- ░ All donations welcome. ░░░\|/░░░░░
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- $
- 1 1 53 18 15 3
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- 40 1 53 5 14 3
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- 2 15 42 17 15 2
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- 47 16 47 16 4 3
- $$
-
- .Statistics
- 4
-
- ..Geography
- 1
-
- ^17██^E1▐▌^17█████
- ^E7█████████
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sweden: Geography
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Total area:
- 449,964 km2
-
- ^F0Land area:
- 410,928 km2
-
- ^F0Comparative area:
- slightly smaller than California
-
- ^F0Land boundaries:
- 2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km
-
- ^F0Coastline:
- 3,218 km
-
- ^F0Maritime claims:
- Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
- Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
-
- ^F0Disputes:
- none
-
- ^F0Climate:
- temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy
- summers; subarctic in north
-
- ^F0Terrain:
- mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
-
- ^F0Natural resources:
- zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium,
- hydropower potential
-
- ^F0Land use:
- arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest
- and woodland 64%; other 27%; includes irrigated NEGL%
-
- ^F0Environment:
- water pollution; acid rain
-
- ^F0Note:
- strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
-
- - CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
-
- ..People
- 1
-
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sweden: People
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Population:
- 8,602,157 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)
-
- ^F0Birth rate:
- 13 births/1,000 population (1992)
-
- ^F0Death rate:
- 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
-
- ^F0Net migration rate:
- 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
-
- ^F0Infant mortality rate:
- 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
-
- ^F0Life expectancy at birth:
- 75 years male, 81 years female (1992)
-
- ^F0Total fertility rate:
- 1.9 children born/woman (1992)
-
- ^F0Nationality:
- noun - Swede(s); adjective - Swedish
-
- ^F0Ethnic divisions:
- homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; foreign born or
- first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians,
- Greeks, Turks) about 12%
-
- ^F0Religions:
- Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other
- 3.5% (1987)
-
- ^F0Languages:
- Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
- speak native languages
-
- ^F0Literacy:
- 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979
- est.)
-
- ^F0Labor force:
- 4,552,000 community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and
- manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%,
- banking, insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%,
- agriculture, fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991)
-
- ^F0Organized labor:
- 80% of labor force (1990 est.)
-
- - CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- ..Government
- 1
-
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sweden: Government
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Long-form name:
- Kingdom of Sweden
-
- ^F0Type:
- constitutional monarchy
-
- ^F0Capital:
- Stockholm
-
- ^F0Administrative divisions:
- 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan,
- Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan,
- Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan,
- Kristianstads Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan,
- Orebro Lan, Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan,
- Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan,
- Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands Lan
-
- ^F0Independence:
- 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established
-
- ^F0Constitution:
- 1 January 1975
-
- ^F0Legal system:
- civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ
- jurisdiction, with reservations
-
- ^F0National holiday:
- Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June
-
- ^F0Executive branch:
- monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
-
- ^F0Legislative branch:
- unicameral parliament (Riksdag)
-
- ^F0Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen)
-
- ^F0Leaders:
- Chief of State:
- King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent
- Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14
- July 1977)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991)
-
- ^F0Political parties and leaders:
- ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party
- (conservative), Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG;
- Center Party, Olof JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf
- SVENSSON; Social Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy
- Party, Count Ian WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars
- WERNER; Swedish Communist Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON; Communist
- Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader
-
- ^F0Suffrage:
- universal at age 18
-
- ^F0Elections:
- Riksdag:
- last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994);
- results - Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party
- (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%,
- Christian Democrats 7.1%, New Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist)
- 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; seats - (349 total) Social
- Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, Liberal People's
- Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New Democracy 25,
- Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats in the
- Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote
-
- ^F0Communists:
- VP and SKP; VP, formerly the Left Party-Communists, is reported to
- have roughly 17,800 members and attracted 5.8% of the vote in the
- 1988 election; VP dropped the Communist label in 1990, but maintains
- a Marxist ideology
-
- ^F0Member of:
- AfDB, AG (observer) AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA,
- ESA, FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
- ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL,
- INTELSAT, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NC, NEA,
- NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
- UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
-
- ^F0Diplomatic representation:
- Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire
- Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 944-5600; there are
- Swedish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and
- New York
- US:
- Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101, S-115 89
- Stockholm; telephone [46] (8) 783-5300; FAX [46] (8) 661-1964
-
- ^F0Flag:
- blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
- vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style
- of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
-
- - CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- ..Economy
- 1
-
- ^17██^E1▐▌^17█████
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sweden: Economy
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Overview:
- Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I
- through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of
- living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive
- welfare benefits. It has essentially full employment, a modern
- distribution system, excellent internal and external communications,
- and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore
- constitute the resource base of an economy that is heavily oriented
- toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of
- industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50%
- of output and exports. In the last few years, however, this
- extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by inflation,
- growing absenteeism, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in
- international markets. The new center-right government, facing a
- sagging economic situation which is unlikely to improve until 1993,
- is pushing full steam ahead with economic reform proposals to end
- Sweden's recession and to prepare for possible EC membership in 1995.
- The free-market-oriented reforms are designed to spur growth,
- maintain price stability, lower unemployment, create a more efficient
- welfare state, and further adapt to EC standards. The measures
- include: cutting taxes, particularly the value-added tax (VAT) and
- levies on new and small business; privatization; liberalizing foreign
- ownership restrictions; and opening the welfare system to competition
- and private alternatives, which the government will still finance.
- Growth is expected to remain flat in 1992, but increase slightly in
- 1993, while inflation should remain around 3% for the next few years.
- On the down side, unemployment may climb to slightly over 4% in 1993,
- and the budget deficit will reach nearly $9 billion in 1992.
-
- ^F0GDP:
- purchasing power equivalent - $147.6 billion, per capita $17,200;
- real growth rate -1.1% (1991)
-
- ^F0Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 8.0% (1991)
-
- ^F0Unemployment rate:
- 2.7% (1991)
-
- ^F0Budget:
- revenues $67.5 billion; expenditures $78.7 billion, including capital
- expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)
-
- ^F0Exports:
- $54.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
-
- Commodities:
- machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and
- steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products
- Partners:
- EC, (FRG, UK, Denmark), US, Norway
-
- ^F0Imports:
- $50.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
- Commodities:
- machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor
- vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing
- Partners:
- EC 55.3%, US 8.4% (1990)
-
- ^F0External debt:
- $10.7 billion (November 1991)
-
- ^F0Industrial production:
- growth rate -5.3% (1991)
-
- ^F0Electricity:
- 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,000 million kWh produced, 16,700 kWh per
- capita (1991)
-
- ^F0Industries:
- iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
- parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods,
- motor vehicles
-
- ^F0Agriculture:
- animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products
- accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets,
- potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-
- sufficient in sugar beets
-
- ^F0Economic aid:
- donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion
-
- ^F0Currency:
- Swedish krona (plural - kronor); 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100
- ore
-
- ^F0Exchange rates:
- Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.0259 (March 1992), 6.0475 (1991)
- 5.9188 (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987)
-
- ^F0Fiscal year:
- 1 July - 30 June
-
- - CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- ..Communications
- 1
-
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- Sweden: Communications
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Railroads:
- 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter
- standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182
- km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned
- railways - 511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified);
- 371 km 0.891-meter gauge (all electrified)
-
- ^F0Highways:
- 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved
- earth)
-
- ^F0Inland waterways:
- 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges
-
- ^F0Pipelines:
- natural gas 84 km
-
- ^F0Ports:
- Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm;
- numerous secondary and minor ports
-
- ^F0Merchant marine:
- 186 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,665,902 GRT/3,646,165 DWT;
- includes 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-
- on/roll-off cargo, 12 vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 33
- petroleum tanker, 28 chemical tanker, 4 specialized tanker, 1
- liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 12 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1
- refrigerated cargo
-
- ^F0Civil air:
- 115 major transports
-
- ^F0Airports:
- 254 total, 252 usable; 139 with permanent-surface runways; none with
- runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 94 with runways
- 1,220-2,439 m
-
- ^F0Telecommunications:
- excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000
- telephones; mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-
- distance network; parallel microwave network carries primarily radio,
- TV and some telephone channels; automatic system; broadcast stations
- - 5 AM, 360 (mostly repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5
- submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean
- INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT
-
- - CIA World Fact Book, 1993
-
- $$
-
- ..Defense Forces
- 1
-
- ^17██^E1▐▌^17█████
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- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sweden: Defense Forces
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ^F0Branches:
- Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force
-
- ^F0Manpower availability:
- males 15-49, 2,129,996; 1,858,944 fit for military service; 57,492
- reach military age (19) annually
-
- ^F0Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion, about 4% of GDP
- (FY91)
-
- $$
-
- $$$
-
- .Grammar Basics
- 4
-
- ..SWEDISH ALPHABET
- 1
- ^F4THE SWEDISH ALPHABET
-
- Letter | Approximate Sound
- -------+----------------------------------------------------------------
- a | Like a in English "father"
- |
- ä | Like a in English "mate"
- |
- å | Like aw in English "paw"
- |
- b | Like b in English "boat"
- |
- d | Like d in English "dance"
- |
- e | Like e in English "pen"
- |
- f | Like f in English "fool"
- |
- g | Before e, i, y, ä, or ö, like y in English "yes"
- | Before other vowels, consonants, and end of syllable,
- | like g in English "go"
- |
- h | Like f in English "hat"
- |
- i | Like i in English "machine"
- |
- j | Like y in English "yes"
- |
- k | Before e, i, y, ä, and ö, like ch in English "loch"
- | Otherwise, like k in English "kill"
- |
- l | Like l in English "lamb"
- |
- m | Like m in English "money"
- |
- n | Like n in English "net"
- |
- o | One like o in English "note"
- |
- p | Like p in English "pot"
- |
- r | Like r in English "rubber"
- |
- s | Like s in English "sea"
- |
- t | Like t in English "table"
- |
- u | Like u in English "rule"
- |
- v | Like v in English "vain"
- |
- x | Like x in English "xylophone"
- |
- y | Like ew in English "dew"
- |
-
-
- ^F4DIPTHONGS
-
- Letter | Approximate Sound
- -------+-----------------------------------------------------------------
- ch | Before e, i, and y, pronounced like "sh" in "shut"
- | Otherwise, as k in English "kill"
- |
- dj | Like y in English "yes"
- |
- ej | Like a in English "mate"
- |
- hj | Like y in English "yes"
- |
- lj | Like y in English "yes"
- |
- sj | Like sh in English "shut"
- |
- sk | Before e, i, ä, or ö, like sh in English "shut"
- | Otherwise, like sk in English "skill"
- |
-
-
- ^F4TRIPTHONGS
-
- Letters | Approximate Sound
- --------+-----------------------------------------------------------------
- skj | Like sh in English "shut"
- |
- stj | Like sh in English "shut"
- |
-
- $$
-
-
- ..Nouns
- 1
-
- ^F4NOUNS
- All Swedish nouns are either common "[c]" or neuter "[n]" in gender.
- There are no easy rules for determining gender.
-
- Nouns form their plurals according to one of five declensions:
-
- Declension Plural ends in Example
- 1 or flicka = girl flickor = girls
- 2 ar bil = car bilar = cars
- 3 er dam = lady damer = ladies
- 4 n äpple = apple äpplen = apples
- 5 no change hus = house hus = houses
-
- The above forms are the indefinite plurals. To form the definite
- plurals, add -na for common nouns and -(e)n for most neuter nouns:
-
- flickorna = the girls husen = the houses
-
- There are also various irregular plurals, as in English.
-
- $$
-
- ..Possession
- 1
- ^F4POSSESSION
- Possession is shown by adding -s. There is no apostrophe.
-
- Barnens rum = the childrens room
- Den resandes väska = the traveller's suitcase
- Görans broder = George's brother
- Hotellets ägare = the owner of the hotel
- Veckans första dag = the first day of the week
-
- $$
-
- ..Articles
- 1
-
- ^F4ARTICLES
-
- Indefinite Article (a/an)
- common: en en man = a man
- neuter: ett ett barn = a child
-
- Definite Article (the)
- For the singular, add the suffixes -en/et to the noun for
- common/neuter. For plural, please see ^F4Nouns^E0.
-
- common: bil = car bilen = the car
- neuter: tåg = train tåget = the train
-
- $$
-
-
- ..Adjectives
- 1
-
- ^F4ADJECTIVES
-
- 1) Adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number. For the
- indefinite form, the neuter is formed by adding -t; the plural by
- adding -a:
-
- en stor hundar = a big dog ett stort hus = a big house
- stora hundar = big dogs stora hus = big houses
-
- 2) For the definite declension of the adjective, add the ending -a
- (common, neuter, and plural). This form is used when the adjective is
- preceded by "den", "det", "de", or by a demonstrative adjective:
-
- en svensk bil = a Swedish car
- den svenska bilen = the Swedish car
- de svenska bilarna = the Swedish cars
-
- ett stort hus = a large house
- det stora huset = the large house
- de stora husen = the large houses
-
- 3) Demonstrative Adjectives:
-
- common neuter plural
-
- this/these den här det här de här
- denna detta dessa
-
- that/those den där det där de där
- den det de
-
- 4) Possessive Adjectives
-
- common neuter plural
- my min mitt mina
- your din ditt dina
- our vår vårt våra
- your er ert era
-
- All the above agree the nouns they modify:
- his = hans its = dess ┐ These are
- her = hennes their = deras ┘ indeclinable
-
- $$
-
- ..Personal Pronouns
- 1
-
- ^F4PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- Subject Object
- I jag mig
- you Du Dig
- he han honom
- she hon henne
- it den/det den/det
- we vi oss
- you Ni Er
- they de dem
-
- Swedish has two forms for "you":
- Du - Informal. Used with friends, relatives, children, etc.
- Ni - Formal. Used by tourist and other situations.
-
- $$
-
- ..Verbs
- 1
-
- ^F4VERBS
- We are only concerned with the infinitive, imperative, and present tense
- in this module:
-
- The present tense - has the same form for all persons. Ends in -r.
-
- The infinitive tense - for most Swedish verbs, ends in -a.
-
- to be to have to be able to
- Infinitive (att) vara (att) ha (att) kunna
- Present Tense är har kan
- imperative var ha -
-
- Infinitive Present
- fråga (to ask) frågar
- köpa (to buy) köpar
- tro (to believe) tror
-
- $$
-
- ..Negatives
- 1
-
- ^F4NEGATIVES
- Negation is expressed by using the adverb "inte" (not). It is usually
- placed immediately after the verb in a main clause. In compound tenses,
- "inte" comes between the auxiliary and the main verb:
-
- Jag talar svenska. = I speak Swedish.
- Jag talar inte svenska. = I do not speak Swedish.
- Hon har inte skrivit. = She has not written.
-
- $$
-
- ..Questions
- 1
-
- ^F4QUESTIONS
- Questions are formed by reversing the order of the subject and the verb:
-
- Jag kommer i kväll. = I am coming tonight.
- Kommer Ni i kväll. = Are you coming tonight?
-
- $$
-
- ..There is/It is
- 1
-
- ^F4There is/It is
- det finns = there is, there are
- Det finns många turister. = There are many tourists.
-
- det är = it is
- Det är varmt idag. = It is warm today.
-
- $$
-
- $$$
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